Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2018 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 5 Articles
Cataract is a rare manifestation of ocular complication at an early phase of T1DM in the pediatric population. The\npathophysiological mechanism of early diabetic cataract has not been fully understood; however, there are many theories about\nthe possible etiology including osmotic damage, polyol pathway, and oxidative stress. The prevalence of early diabetic cataract in\nthe population varies between 0.7 and 3.4% of children and adolescents with T1DM. The occurrence of diabetic cataract in most\npediatric patients is the first sign of T1DM or occurs within 6 months of diagnosis of T1DM. Today, there are many\nexperimental therapies for the treatment of diabetic cataract, but cataract surgery continues to be a gold standard in the\ntreatment of diabetic cataract. Since the cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment in patients with T1DM, diabetic\ncataract requires an initial screening as well as continuous surveillance as a measure of prevention and this should be included\nin the guidelines of pediatric diabetes societies....
Background and Objectives. Parathyroid failure is the most common symptom after thyroidectomy. To prevent it, a gland was\npreserved in situ or an ischemic one was autotransplanted. This study explored the relationship between in situ preservation of\nthe parathyroid gland and gland failure. Methods. Consecutive patients who underwent initial total thyroidectomy were enrolled\nretrospectively in a prospectively maintained database. Patients were divided into groups by parathyroid gland remaining in situ\nfraction (PGRIF) (PGRIF = number of in situ glands/(total number of identified glands âË?â?? number of glands in specimen).\nPatients were graded by tertiles and followed at least one year after surgery. Results. 559 patients were included. PGRIF is\nsignificantly inversely associated with transient hypoparathyroidism, protracted hypoparathyroidism, and postoperative\nhypocalcemia. PGRIF was identified as an independent risk factor for transient hypoparathyroidism, protracted\nhypoparathyroidism, and postoperative hypocalcemia (OR = 0 177, 0.190, and 0.330, resp.). Auto transplantation of parathyroid\ngland would not affect the calcium level in the long term. Conclusion. In situ preservation of parathyroid gland is crucial for\nparathyroid function. Less preserved is the independent risk factor for postoperative hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia,\nresulting in a worse function of parathyroid gland in the long term....
The association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs7975232) and the risk\nof autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) had been investigated in previous studies. However, the results of these studies remained\ncontroversial. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise conclusion. All related articles were systematically\nsearched by PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The pooled odds ratios\n(ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of association. The overall results indicated that\nVDR rs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were significantly associated with a reduced risk of AITD. However, a\nstratification analysis based on clinical types showed that VDR rs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were associated only\nwith a reduced risk of HT. A stratification analysis by ethnicity showed that VDR rs731236 polymorphism was significantly\nassociated with a reduced risk of AITD in Asian and African populations. VDR rs2228570 polymorphism was associated with a\nreduced risk of AITD in Asian populations. VDR rs1544410 polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of AITD in\nEuropean and African populations, but with an increased risk of AITD in Asian populations. VDR rs7975232 polymorphism\nwas significantly associated with an increased risk of AITD in African populations. In conclusion, the present study suggested\nthat VDR rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs7975232 polymorphisms were significantly associated with AITD risk.\nHowever, more well-designed studies should be performed to verify the current results....
In response to a stressful unexpected experience, the brain activates a complex\nstress system that involves the organism in an adaptive response to the\nthreatening situation. This stress system acts on several peripheral tissues and\nfeeds back to the brain. One of its key players is oxytocin hormone. The neuropeptide,\noxytocin (OT), has well-established roles during parturition and\nlactation. In addition to its peripheral actions, OT is released within multiple\nareas of the brain and influences behavioural and neuroendocrine responses\nto stress. Several studies suggest that oxytocin is implicated in the central control\nof responses to stress through modulation of corticotrophin releasing\nhormone (CRH). Intranasal OT application was associated with an inhibitory\neffect on adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion and subsequent\nimpairment of corticosterone secretion. This may be of importance for understanding\nand perhaps suggesting its utility to buffer stress. Synthesis and\nrelease of OT depend to a great extent on steroid hormones particularly on\nestradiol and corticosterone. Estrogens stimulate synthesis and release of OT\nand increase the number of OT receptors in some areas of the brain. However,\nthe role of OT in mediating stress is variable and may also depend on gender\nand on external factors....
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a disorder of glucose metabolism. It is a complex process involving the regulation of insulin\nsecretion, insulin sensitivity, gluconeogenesis, and glucose uptake at the cellular level. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is\none of the debilitating complications that is present in approximately 50% of diabetic patients. It is the primary cause of\ndiabetes-related hospital admissions and nontraumatic foot amputations. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is a complex\nprocess that involves hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and altered polyol metabolism that changes the nerve\nmicrovasculature, altered growth factor support, and deregulated lipid metabolism. Recent literature has reported that there are\nseveral heterogeneous groups of susceptible genetic loci which clearly contribute to the development of DPN. Several studies\nhave reported that some patients with prediabetes develop neuropathic complications, whereas others demonstrated little\nevidence of neuropathy even after long-standing diabetes. There is emerging evidence that genetic factors may contribute to the\ndevelopment of DPN. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of the susceptible and prognostic genetic factors\nassociated with DPN. An extensive survey of the scientific literature published in PubMed using the search terms ââ?¬Å?Diabetic\nperipheral neuropathy/geneticsââ?¬Â and ââ?¬Å?genome-wide association studyââ?¬Â was carried out, and the most recent and relevant\nliterature were included in this review....
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